Interesting Leak: A Second NASA Scientist Tells Us That ‘Somebody Else’ Is On The Moon
We live in a strange world, and as Neil Armstrong once said, there are "great ideas undiscovered, breakthroughs available to those who can remove one of the truth’s protective layers."
NASA Scientists & What They Say About The Moon
Multiple NASA personnel have made some pretty shocking claims about the Moon. George Leonard, a NASA scientist and photo analyst who obtained various official NASA photographs of the Moon, many of which he published in his book titled Somebody Else Is On The Moon, is just one of these personnel.
Although the photos are small in size and their resolution is not up to today’s standards, they show details of original prints which were huge. Leonard published the identifying code numbers of the photos in his works to back up their source...
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Only a few people manage to live longer than 100 years, and Bernard LaPallo, lived a happy, fulfilling, and healthy life well into his second century. This man was born in 1901 in Victoria, Brazil, and as a little boy, he migrated to the United States.
He managed to have four careers during the 114 years of his life.
In the 1920s, he started out as a 5-star chef, then ran a successful massage practice for 20 years after obtaining his license at the age of 71, and later in life, he became an author and lecturer.
At the age of 73, he graduated from New York University for reflexology and podiatry and delved into the study of herbology with Dr. Richard Schulze of the American Botanical Pharmacy.
When he was recognized as the oldest living Yankee, he became popular and used his fame to inspire thousands of other people. During his entire life, he was dedicated to a healthy lifestyle and healthy everyday routines.
China’s Yutu 2 rover has discovered a strange object on the horizon while exploring the Von Kármán Crater on the Moon’s far side. In a very blurry image, it appears to be a cube-shaped protrusion in an otherwise featureless landscape.
China National Space Administration outreach program Our Space referred to it as a "mysterious hut" in a post on social network Weixin.
"Was it a home built by aliens after the crash landing?" the post playfully speculates. "Or is it the pioneer spacecraft of the predecessors to explore the Moon?"
The answer is that it is most likely neither of those things, but something we know the Moon has in abundance: rocks. However, we won’t know for sure until Yutu 2 can close the 80-meter (260-foot) distance and study it up close – a process that will take another two or three months.
This is due in part to the solar-powered rover’s need to shut down for the duration of the lunar night, as well as when the Sun is directly overhead, to avoid overheating; and in part to the rover’s need to travel slowly, navigating the hazardous, rubble-strewn, and crater-pocked lunar terrain.
Even though we will have to wait, there are some hints as to the identity of the cube, such as a relatively new impact crater nearby. This suggests that the object could be a boulder excavated during the impact, which has previously been observed on the Moon.
It’s not the first strange thing Yutu 2 has discovered on the side of the Moon that is always facing away from Earth. In 2019, it discovered a peculiar substance described as "gel-like," which turned out to be lunar rock melted into glass due to an impact.
Without an atmosphere to protect it, the Moon gets smacked into a lot.
A closer look at the "mysterious hut" will reveal something about the Moon, even if it isn’t the presence of aliens. If it’s a boulder excavated from beneath the lunar surface, we might be able to learn more about the Moon’s composition underneath the layer of rock and rubble. As a result, CNSA scientists are keen to take a closer look.
The rock was discovered on the 36th day of Yutu 2’s operations on the Moon. It is currently on its 37th lunar day since landing in January 2019.
Yutu 2 and spacecraft Chang’e 4 were originally scheduled to last three months, but they are now approaching the end of their third year and are still going strong.
NASA is getting ready to launch a new set of X-ray eyes into space. The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer, or IXPE, is the first space observatory of its kind, designed to study some of the universe’s most energetic objects – the remnants of exploded stars, powerful particle jets spewing from feeding black holes, and much more.
IXPE will not be as large or powerful as NASA’s flagship X-ray telescope, the Chandra X-ray Observatory. But what IXPE lacks in imaging power, it makes up by seeing an aspect of cosmic X-ray sources that has gone largely unexplored until now – polarization.
"The launch of IXPE marks a bold and unique step forward for X-ray astronomy," said Dr. Martin Weisskopf, IXPE’s principal investigator. "IXPE will tell us more about the precise nature of cosmic X-ray sources than we can learn by studying their brightness and color spectrum alone."
X-rays are a type of high-energy light. They form in places where matter is subjected to extreme conditions, such as violent collisions, massive explosions, 10-million-degree temperatures, rapid rotations, and strong magnetic fields. They contain specific information about the powerful phenomena that cause them. However, because the Earth’s atmosphere prevents cosmic X-rays from reaching the ground, they can only be collected by space telescopes.
Polarized light contains unique information about where it comes from and what it passes through. Light is composed of interconnected waves of electric and magnetic fields that interact with one another in such a way that they oscillate, or vibrate, at right angles to the path of the light. The vibrations can be vertical, horizontal, or anywhere in between. Polarized light is made up of electric fields that vibrate only in one direction.
Light from a typical bulb, for example, generates electric fields that vibrate in all directions. When light is scattered or reflected by particles or surfaces, it can become polarized, with vibrations aligned only in one direction.
Seeking Answers to Fundamental QuestionsScientists can learn more about the structure and behavior of celestial objects, their surrounding environments, and the physics of how X-rays form by analyzing polarized X-rays with IXPE.
IXPE’s polarization measurements will also provide answers to questions that astronomers have been pondering for decades, such as:
- What is the spin of a black hole?
- What powers the mysterious brightness of pulsars – spinning dead stars so dense that a spoonful would weigh as much as a mountain on Earth?
- Does our understanding of the fundamental laws of physics hold up throughout the whole universe?
"IXPE will help us test and refine our theories of how the universe works," Weisskopf said. "There may be even more exciting answers ahead than the ones we’ve hypothesized. Better yet, we may find whole lists of new questions to ask!"
IXPE is scheduled to launch on a Falcon 9 rocket from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on December 9. NASA and the Italian Space Agency collaborate on IXPE. Ball Aerospace is the main industry partner.
IXPE is scheduled to launch on a Falcon 9 rocket from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on December 9. NASA and the Italian Space Agency collaborate on IXPE. Ball Aerospace is the main industry partner.
Oxygen can be found in many of the minerals in the ground around us. And the Moon is mostly made of the same rocks you’ll find on Earth (although with a slightly greater amount of material that came from meteors).
Minerals such as silica, aluminum, and iron and magnesium oxides dominate the Moon’s landscape. All of these minerals contain oxygen, but not in a form our lungs can access.
On the Moon these minerals exist in a few different forms including hard rock, dust, gravel and stones covering the surface. This material has resulted from the impacts of meteorites crashing into the lunar surface over countless millennia.
Some people call the Moon’s surface layer lunar "soil", but as a soil scientist I’m hesitant to use this term. Soil as we know it is pretty magical stuff that only occurs on Earth. It has been created by a vast array of organisms working on the soil’s parent material — regolith, derived from hard rock — over millions of years.
The result is a matrix of minerals which were not present in the original rocks. Earth’s soil is imbued with remarkable physical, chemical and biological characteristics. Meanwhile, the materials on the Moon’s surface is basically regolith in its original, untouched form.
One substance goes in, two come outThe Moon’s regolith is made up of approximately 45% oxygen. But that oxygen is tightly bound into the minerals mentioned above. In order to break apart those strong bonds, we need to put in energy.
You might be familiar with this if you know about electrolysis. On Earth this process is commonly used in manufacturing, such as to produce aluminum. An electrical current is passed through a liquid form of aluminum oxide (commonly called alumina) via electrodes, to separate the aluminum from the oxygen.
In this case, the oxygen is produced as a byproduct. On the Moon, the oxygen would be the main product and the aluminum (or other metal) extracted would be a potentially useful byproduct.
It’s a pretty straightforward process, but there is a catch: it’s very energy hungry. To be sustainable, it would need to be supported by solar energy or other energy sources available on the Moon.
Extracting oxygen from regolith would also require substantial industrial equipment. We’d need to first convert solid metal oxide into liquid form, either by applying heat, or heat combined with solvents or electrolytes. We have the technology to do this on Earth, but moving this apparatus to the Moon – and generating enough energy to run it – will be a mighty challenge.
It is almost certain that humans will set foot on Mars within our lifetimes. If the modern-day space race between private companies and nations continues, it is not out of the question that we will see a long-term human presence on either the Moon or Mars in that time frame as well, an incredible yet insane concept.
But – and this is a big but – researchers have no idea how a team of astronauts separated from home by nearly 380 million kilometers (236 million miles) would fare in such a scenario. Would they be able to maintain constant communication with Earth and work flawlessly as a team? Or would they devolve into anarchy, cutting off communication with their superiors and establishing an autonomous colony? Russian researchers hope to find out before spending billions on the real thing by putting a group of people in a Mars colonization simulation.
Project SIRIUS (Scientific International Research In Unique Terrestrial Station – yes, they went out of their way to make the acronym cool) is an attempt to understand astronauts’ psychology during long space flights. The results were recently published in Frontiers in Physiology. Seventeen and 120-day isolation experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2019, respectively, to simulate a team isolated in an extraterrestrial environment.
The results confirmed their fears: the delay in communication due to distance, combined with the extended period away from Mother Earth, caused the astronauts to become detached from mission control and almost autonomous.
Previous simulations suggested that once the astronauts embarked on their journey, they would begin to disconnect from mission control, reducing the number of situations on which they would report. To confirm the results of previous simulations, namely the Mars-500 missions, the researchers carried out the two isolations using a mixed-gender, international crew. The missions were designed to assess how well participants communicated with mission control and collaborated to form a successful colony.
They began with a take-off procedure before landing in an inhospitable environment within the training facility’s specialized area. The crew were then locked away in pods together, given minimal rations and supplies, and subjected to the full isolation of the real deal.
The results of the experiments suggested a number of conclusions, some of which were positive, while others were more problematic. At the halfway point of the simulation, which involved the Mars landing, the crew actually increased their communication with the mission control center (MCC), but then became detached, reducing the volume of communication with MCC. They became less reliant on MCC recommendations as they adapted to their mission, becoming more autonomous.
NASA’s asteroid impact mission is set to launch, and you can watch the event live as well as several science briefings.
The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) is set to launch on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Vandenberg Space Force Base in California at 1:20 a.m. EST (0620 GMT) on Wednesday, Nov. 24.
In late September or early October of 2022, the 1,210-pound (550 kilograms) DART spacecraft will slam itself into an asteroid called Dimorphos. Scientists will be watching eagerly, measuring how much the impact speeds up the space rock’s orbit around its larger companion, Didymos — the first real data about what it might really require to steer a threatening asteroid out of Earth’s path.
It’s just one rock, just a small change. Just to reduce the odds that we humans go the way of the dinosaurs. But DART’s impact will also mark a new relationship between humans and the solar system we live in, a milestone perhaps worth contemplating. A follow-up mission called Hera (by the European Space Agency) should visit the same system in 2026.
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