NASA ‘Should’ve Looked Twice Before Posting These Apollo Moon Mission Images’
No, we don’t actually believe the Moon landing was a hoax. Thankfully, there is ample evidence that can prove that we’ve been on the moon more than 50 years ago.
NASA’s Moon Landings have given birth to two Massive conspiracy theories that remain present ever since mankind set foot on the Moon’s surface in 1969. Conspiracy theorists are convinced that: 1) We never actually been to the moon and 2) that we did go to the moon, but encountered an alien presence and that many photographs from the journey to the moon show evidence of massive, alien UFOs.
Apollo 11 was the mission that landed the first two people on the Moon’s surface.
Commander Neil Armstrong and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the Apollo Lunar Module Eagle on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC.
Armstrong became the first person to step onto the lunar surface six hours later on July 21 at 02:56:15 UTC; Aldrin joined him 19 minutes later.
The astronauts remained about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft and collected 47.5 pounds (21.5 kg) of lunar material to bring back to Earth.
Despite this historical achievement, people remain in disbelief that America made it to the moon...
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The team’s detected signal was emitted from this galaxy when the universe was only 4.9 billion years old, allowing the researchers to peer into the early universe’s secrets. "It’s the equivalent of 8.8 billion years in time," says Chakraborty, a cosmologist at McGill’s Department of Physics.
Picking up the signal from a distant galaxy
According to the researchers, these observations demonstrate the feasibility of using gravitational lensing to observe distant galaxies in similar situations. It also opens up exciting new possibilities for studying the cosmic evolution of stars and galaxies using existing low-frequency radio telescopes.
Reference: "Detection of H I 21 cm emission from a strongly lensed galaxy at z ∼ 1.3" by Arnab Chakraborty and Nirupam Roy, 23 December 2022, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stac3696
The Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope was built and is operated by NCRA-TIFR. The research was funded by McGill University and the Indian Institute of Science.According to a new study, the swirling solid ball at the center of Earth’s inner core appears to have recently paused and may even now be rotating in the opposite direction.
A pair of Chinese scientists have been studying seismic wave data from earthquakes that have blasted through the Earth’s inner core to investigate the movements of the mysterious innards.
They can learn about what’s going on within Earth’s inner layers by observing changes in these waves, which are far deeper than any drills or instruments can reach. Their data shows the evolution of seismic waves over many decades, beginning with Alaskan records in the early 1960s and ending with recordings collected in 2021.
The data showed that parts of the core that had previously shown clear signs of variation suddenly showed very little variation around 2009, implying that the inner core rotation paused.
They also detected significant changes in the waves beginning around the early 1970s, indicating that this pause was part of an oscillation that occurs every seven decades or so, when the inner core gradually reverses direction.
The inner workings of the Earth are a mystery. Its structure is divided into four major layers: the outer crust, the mostly-solid mantle, the liquid metal outer core, and the final inner core made of iron and nickel.
Because the liquid outer core separates the inner core from the rest of the solid Earth, it can rotate at a different rate than the Earth’s surface. The magnetic field generated in the liquid metal outer core, as well as the gravitational effects of the mantle, govern the spin of the inner core.
However, theories about the movement of this inner core differ. Many researchers previously believed that the planet’s innermost geological layer rotates at a slightly faster rate than the rest of the planet, but this is now thought to be less straightforward.
Last year, research suggested that the Earth’s inner core oscillates, gently swaying and swirling in a cycle. Interestingly, they discovered some unusual data from the early 1970s, which is similar to the new study.
The results revealed that the inner core moved slowly in a different direction between 1969 and 1971, sub-rotating at least a tenth of a degree per year, compared to the direction it moved between 1971 and 1974.
"From our findings, we can see the Earth’s surface shifts compared to its inner core, as people have asserted for 20 years," John E. Vidale, study co-author and Dean’s Professor of Earth Sciences at USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, said in a statement in 2022. "However, our latest observations show that the inner core spun slightly slower from 1969-71 and then moved the other direction from 1971-74."
Although the strange motions of the Earth’s core may appear to be far away from us, their effects on life above the surface are real.
The magnetic field of the planet is influenced by Earth’s core, specifically its outer core. The North Magnetic Pole has moved 2,250 kilometers (1,400 miles) across the upper reaches of the Northern Hemisphere from Canada to Siberia since it was first scientifically documented in the early nineteenth century.
The rate of this movement increased from less than 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) per year between 1990 and 2005 to around 50 to 60 kilometers (31 to 37 miles) per year. This flux is most likely the result of two magnetic "blobs" of molten material in the planet’s interior, which caused a titanic shift of its magnetic field. Exploration of galaxies at much greater distances from Earth may now be possible.
How do stars form in distant galaxies? Astronomers have been trying to answer this question for a long time by detecting radio signals emitted by nearby galaxies. These signals, however, become weaker the further a galaxy is from Earth, making them difficult to detect with today’s radio telescopes.
Researchers from Montreal and India have now captured a radio signal from the most distant galaxy so far at a specific wavelength known as the 21 cm line, allowing astronomers to peer into the early universe’s secrets. This is the first time a radio signal of this type has been detected at such a large distance using India’s Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope.A galaxy emits different kinds of radio signals. Until now, it’s only been possible to capture this particular signal from a galaxy nearby, limiting our knowledge to those galaxies closer to Earth," says Arnab Chakraborty, a Post-Doctoral Researcher at McGill University under the supervision of Professor Matt Dobbs.
A look back in time to the early universe
For the first time, the researchers were able to detect and measure the signal from SDSSJ0826+5630, a distant star-forming galaxy. The atomic mass of the gas content of this particular galaxy, according to the researchers, is nearly twice the mass of the visible stars.The team’s detected signal was emitted from this galaxy when the universe was only 4.9 billion years old, allowing the researchers to peer into the early universe’s secrets. "It’s the equivalent of 8.8 billion years in time," says Chakraborty, a cosmologist at McGill’s Department of Physics.
Picking up the signal from a distant galaxy
According to the researchers, these observations demonstrate the feasibility of using gravitational lensing to observe distant galaxies in similar situations. It also opens up exciting new possibilities for studying the cosmic evolution of stars and galaxies using existing low-frequency radio telescopes.
Reference: "Detection of H I 21 cm emission from a strongly lensed galaxy at z ∼ 1.3" by Arnab Chakraborty and Nirupam Roy, 23 December 2022, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stac3696
The Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope was built and is operated by NCRA-TIFR. The research was funded by McGill University and the Indian Institute of Science.What is slightly larger than our but nearly 1.4 times the mass of our? ZTF J1901+1458, one of the tiniest white dwarf stars ever discovered. A series of ground- and space-based telescopes observed the dying husk of a sun-like star only 133 light-years away.
In a study published in the journal Nature, researchers detail the discovery and characteristics of ZTF J1901+1458, which is so named because it was spotted by the Zwicky Transient Facility, a sky survey using the Palomar Observatory in California that searches space for any objects with sudden changes in brightness. It’s quite an extreme star.
When stars eight times the mass of our Sun
or smaller reach the end of their lives, white dwarfs form. As they run out of fuel, they begin to collapse; but somewhat paradoxically, this initial collapse causes the star to swell to monstrous sizes and become a red giant (like the famous star Betelgeuse ).
This process also causes the star to cool down slightly and its core contract, which releases a massive amount of energy, causing it to grow even larger. However, it begins to lose its outer layers, leaving only an extremely dense core behind. A white dwarf.
The husk of a blown-out star was what the research team saw in the ZTF records. They used data from the European Space Agency’s Gaia satellite, the Keck telescope in Hawaii, and NASA’s Swift observatory to better understand its characteristics. After analyzing J1901+1458, they realized it was special: It was rapidly rotating and appeared to be nearly as massive as a white dwarf can be.
The researchers believe
the white dwarf was formed by two stars that danced for billions of years. They both evolved into white dwarfs before merging to form the new, much more massive star.
It has also been described as the smallest white dwarf discovered, but that title might go to another object believed to be a white dwarf, known as RX J0648.0–4418.
So what will happen to the white dwarf now?
"This is highly speculative, but it’s possible that the white dwarf is massive enough to further collapse into a neutron star," said Caiazzo. Usually neutron stars form when huge stars collapse, but it’s speculated that about one in 10 might be formed from the collapse of a white dwarf.
That’s because strange things are happening in a white dwarf’s super-dense core. Caiazzo describes a subatomic process in which electrons are captured and neutrons are formed. As more electrons are removed, the core approaches collapse and eventually becomes a "zombie" neutron star, one of the most unusual and mysterious cosmic bodies in the universe.
"There are so many questions to address," notes Caiazzo.
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