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The closest star from Sun is located just over 4 light-years away in the Alpha Centauri star system. It is a binary star system, meaning that it is comprised of two stars that orbit around a common center of mass. The two stars are known as Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B, with a third star, Proxima Centauri, located even closer to Earth.
Alpha Centauri A and B are similar in size and brightness to our own sun. Alpha Centauri A is slightly larger and brighter than our sun, while Alpha Centauri B is slightly smaller and cooler. Both stars are located in the constellation Centaurus, which can be seen in the southern hemisphere.
Proxima Centauri, on the other hand, is a much smaller and cooler star known as a red dwarf. It is located just over 4.2 light-years away from Earth, making it the closest known star to our solar system. Despite its proximity, Proxima Centauri is much too faint to be seen with the naked eye and can only be detected with telescopes.The discovery of the Alpha Centauri star system dates back to the early 19th century, when astronomers began using to observe the night sky in more detail. In 1832, Scottish astronomer Thomas Henderson measured the parallax of Alpha Centauri, which allowed him to calculate its distance from Earth. This discovery marked the first time that the distance to a star other than the sun had been accurately measured.
The Alpha Centauri system has been the subject of much scientific study and speculation over the years. In 2016, a team of astronomers discovered an Earth-sized planet orbiting Proxima Centauri, raising the possibility that there could be other habitable planets in the system. This discovery has sparked renewed interest in exploring the Alpha Centauri system in search of extraterrestrial life.
In recent years, there have been several initiatives to send spacecraft to the Alpha Centauri system, including the Breakthrough Starshot project, which aims to send a fleet of tiny spacecraft to the system using laser propulsion. While such missions are still in the planning stages, they represent an exciting possibility for exploring the closest star system to our own.
In conclusion, the closest star from Earth is located in the Alpha Centauri system, comprised of Alpha Centauri A and B, and the smaller red dwarf, Proxima Centauri. The discovery of this system has played a key role in our understanding of the universe, and ongoing efforts to explore it hold the promise of further scientific breakthroughs in the years to come.Looking up at the moon in the night sky, you would never imagine that it is slowly moving away from Earth. But we know otherwise. In 1969, NASA’s Apollo missions installed reflective panels on the moon. These have shown that the moon is .
If we take the moon’s current rate of recession and project it back in time, we end up with a collision between the Earth and moon around 1.5 billion years ago. However, the moon was formed around 4.5 billion years ago, meaning that the current recession rate is a poor guide for the past.
Along with our fellow researchers from Utrecht University and the University of Geneva, we have been using a combination of techniques to try and gain information on our solar system’s distant past.
We recently discovered the perfect place to uncover the long-term history of our receding moon. And it’s not from studying the moon itself, but from reading signals in ancient layers of rock on Earth.
Reading between the layers
In the beautiful Karijini National Park in western Australia, some gorges cut through 2.5 billion year old, rhythmically layered sediments. These sediments are banded iron formations, comprising distinctive layers of iron and silica-rich minerals once widely deposited on the ocean floor and now found on the oldest parts of the Earth’s crust.
Cliff exposures at Joffre Falls show how layers of reddish-brown iron formation just under a metre thick are alternated, at regular intervals, by darker, thinner horizons.The Joffre Gorge in Karijini National Park in western Australia, showing regular alternations between reddish-brown, harder rock and a softer, clay-rich rock (indicated by the arrows) at an average thickness of 85 cm. These alternations are attributed to past climate changes induced by variations in the eccentricity of the Earth’s orbit. (Frits Hilgen), Author provided
The darker intervals are composed of a softer type of rock which is more susceptible to erosion. A closer look at the outcrops reveals the presence of an additionally regular, smaller-scale variation. Rock surfaces, which have been polished by seasonal river water running through the gorge, uncover a pattern of alternating white, reddish and blueish-grey layers.
In 1972, Australian geologist A.F. Trendall raised the question about the origin of the different scales of cyclical, recurrent patterns visible in these ancient rock layers. He suggested that the patterns might be related to past variations in climate induced by the so-called "Milankovitch cycles."
Cyclical climate changes
The Milankovitch cycles describe how small, periodic changes in the shape of the Earth’s orbit and the orientation of its axis influence the distribution of sunlight received by Earth over spans of years.
Right now, the dominant Milankovitch cycles change every 400,000 years, 100,000 years, 41,000 years and 21,000 years. These variations exert a strong control on our climate over long time periods.Rhythmically alternating layers of white, reddish and/or blueish-grey rock at an average thickness of about 10 cm (see arrows). The alternations, interpreted as a signal of Earth’s precession cycle, help us estimate the distance between Earth and the moon 2.46 billion years ago. (Frits Hilgen)
Key examples of the influence of Milankovitch climate forcing in the past are the occurrence of extreme cold or warm periods, as well as wetter or dryer regional climate conditions.
These climate changes have significantly altered the conditions at Earth’s surface, such as the size of lakes. They are the explanation for the periodic greening of the Saharan desert and low levels of oxygen in the deep ocean. Milankovitch cycles have also influenced the migration and evolution of flora and fauna including our own species.
And the signatures of these changes can be read through cyclical changes in sedimentary rocks.
Recorded wobbles
The distance between the Earth and the moon is directly related to the frequency of one of the Milankovitch cycles — the climatic precession cycle. This cycle arises from the precessional motion (wobble) or changing orientation of the Earth’s spin axis over time. This cycle currently has a duration of ~21,000 years, but this period would have been shorter in the past when the moon was closer to Earth.
This means that if we can first find Milankovitch cycles in old sediments and then find a signal of the Earth’s wobble and establish its period, we can estimate the distance between the Earth and the moon at the time the sediments were deposited.
Our previous research showed that Milankovitch cycles may be preserved in an ancient banded iron formation in South Africa, thus supporting Trendall’s theory.
The banded iron formations in Australia were probably deposited in the same ocean as the South African rocks, around 2.5 billion years ago. However, the cyclic variations in the Australian rocks are better exposed, allowing us to study the variations at much higher resolution.
Our analysis of the Australian banded iron formation showed that the rocks contained multiple scales of cyclical variations which approximately repeat at 10 and 85 cm intervals. On combining these thicknesses with the rate at which the sediments were deposited, we found that these cyclical variations occurred approximately every 11,000 years and 100,000 years.
Therefore, our analysis suggested that the 11,000 cycle observed in the rocks is likely related to the climatic precession cycle, having a much shorter period than the current ~21,000 years. We then used this precession signal to calculate the distance between the Earth and the moon 2.46 billion years ago.
We found that the moon was around 60,000 kilometres closer to the Earth then (that distance is about 1.5 times the circumference of Earth). This would make the length of a day much shorter than it is now, at roughly 17 hours rather than the current 24 hours.
Understanding solar system dynamics
Research in astronomy has provided models for the formation of our solar system, and observations of current conditions.
Our study and some research by others represents one of the only methods to obtain real data on the evolution of our solar system, and will be crucial for future models of the Earth-moon system.
It’s quite amazing that past solar system dynamics can be determined from small variations in ancient sedimentary rocks. However, one important data point doesn’t give us a full understanding of the evolution of the Earth-moon system.
We now need other reliable data and new modelling approaches to trace the evolution of the moon through time. And our research team has already begun the hunt for the next suite of rocks that can help us uncover more clues about the history of the solar system.
Joshua Davies, Professor, Sciences de la Terre et de l’atmosphère, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) and Margriet Lantink, Postdoctoral Research Associate, Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.The moon Titan, which orbits Saturn, is a peculiar world with a complex geology and a unique atmosphere. It is characterized by its incredibly cold temperatures, with seas and lakes of liquid methane and ethane covering its surface. However, beneath its rock-hard water ice crust, it also harbors an ocean of liquid water that may potentially support life.
Researchers from the Catholic University of Louvain (UCLouvain) in Belgium have sought to better understand the subsurface ocean of Titan and its interaction with the ice shell that covers it. Specifically, they want to explore how the ocean’s depth and the pressure exerted by the icy shell influence the formation of tidal motions and currents within it.
To achieve this, the scientists employed a sophisticated numerical model that had previously been used to examine Titan’s surface methane lakes and seas. They simulated a 60-mile-deep (100 kilometers) ocean to model the processes within the water body, examining both two- and three-dimensional aspects of the subsurface ocean.
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